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New York Times Article
More fundamentally, the new studies reveal a subconscious brain that is far more active, purposeful and independent than previously known. Goals, whether to eat, mate or devour an iced latte, are like neural software programs that can only be run one at a time, and the unconscious is perfectly capable of running the program it chooses.
The give and take between these unconscious choices and our rational, conscious aims can help explain some of the more mystifying realities of behavior, like how we can be generous one moment and petty the next, or act rudely at a dinner party when convinced we are emanating charm.
“When it comes to our behavior from moment to moment, the big question is, ‘What to do next?’ ” said John A. Bargh, a professor of psychology at Yale and a co-author, with Lawrence Williams, of the coffee study, which was presented at a recent psychology conference. “Well, we’re finding that we have these unconscious behavioral guidance systems that are continually furnishing suggestions through the day about what to do next, and the brain is considering and often acting on those, all before conscious awareness.”
Dr. Bargh added: “Sometimes those goals are in line with our conscious intentions and purposes, and sometimes they’re not.”
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http://www.nytimes.com/2007/
Subconscious Learning – New scientist article
Subconscious learning probably is possible, say US researchers. What's more, subconscious learning may affect our conscious decisions - without our realising it.
Takeo Watanabe and his colleagues at Boston University found that people who had watched a particular direction of subliminal dot movement during a letter-naming trial were significantly better at picking it out later.
The finding challenges the idea that attention is an essential element of the learning process. Attention can make learning more efficient." says Watanabe, "but it's not necessary."
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Subliminal Cues and learning
Scientists have demonstrated for the first time subconscious learning in humans akin to that detailed in rats and pigeons by the famed-behaviorist B.F. Skinner seventy years ago.
The evidence comes from a cleverly designed experiment that eliminated conscious reasoning as a variable in conditioning. Study participants were shown a cue for less five hundredths of a second, far below the threshold for conscious vision. Then the respondents were asked to "use their intuition" to determine if pressing a button would yield a monetary reward after the cue.
More on this article at
http://blog.wired.com/
The man, a doctor left blind by two successive strokes, refused to take part in the experiment. He could not see anything, he said, and had no interest in navigating an obstacle course — a cluttered hallway — for the benefit of science. Why bother?
When he finally tried it, though, something remarkable happened. He zigzagged down the hall, sidestepping a garbage can, a tripod, a stack of paper and several boxes as if he could see everything clearly. A researcher shadowed him in case he stumbled.
“You just had to see it to
believe it,” said Beatrice de Gelder, a neuroscientist at Harvard and Tilburg University in the Netherlands,
who with an international team of brain researchers reported on the
patient on Monday in the journal Current Biology. A video is online
at www.beatricedegelder.com/
More on this article at
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/
Our unconscious brain makes the best decisions possible
Neuroscientists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky received a 2002 Nobel Prize for their 1979 research that argued humans rarely make rational decisions. Since then, this has become conventional wisdom among cognition researchers
Contrary to Kahnneman and Tversky's research, Alex Pouget, associate professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the University of Rochester, has shown that people do indeed make optimal decisions—but only when their unconscious brain makes the choice.
http://www.physorg.com/
"It quantifies that people are subject to the advertising and promotion of foodstuffs, and some more than others, and that these people are more likely to want to eat," said Dr. Campbell.
Dr. Campbell called on the food industry to take the problem of obesity seriously: The food industry has a social responsibility to play a role in the solution of this disease called obesity, he said.
For its part, the World Federation of Advertisers (WFA) does appear to be aware of its social responsibilities. In March, the WFA joined the EU Platform for Action on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, which aims to proactively address the incidence of obesity in Europe, particularly in children.
More on this article at
http://www.foodnavigator.com/
NIDA Research Reveals Subconscious
Signals Can Trigger Drug Craving
Brain imaging on drug addicted
patients shows that poorly controlled desires begin even when cues are
unseen.
Using a brain imaging technology called functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), scientists have discovered that cocaine-related images
trigger the emotional centers of the brains of patients addicted to
drugs -- even when the subjects are unaware they've seen anything. The
study, published Jan. 30 in the journal PLoS ONE, was funded
by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the National
Institutes of Health (NIH).
A team of researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, led by Dr.
Anna Rose Childress and Dr. Charles OBrien, showed cocaine patients
photos of drug-related cues like crack pipes and chunks of cocaine.
The images flashed by in just 33 milliseconds -- so quickly that the
patients were not consciously aware of seeing them. Nonetheless, the
unseen images stimulated activity in the limbic system, a brain network
involved in emotion and reward, which has been implicated in drug-seeking
and craving.
More on this article at
http://www.medicalnewstoday.
Say you're a white European American who truly believes that a person should not be judged by the color of his or her skin.
Despite that egalitarian attitude, according to new Northwestern University research, subconscious -- or implicit -- bias can emerge subtly but quickly from its hiding places in the psyche and cause even well-meaning whites to look at identical facial expressions of African Americans and European Americans and see greater hostility in the African American faces.
Or take whites perceptions of racially ambiguous faces that combine both African American and European American features. If the expression on the racially ambiguous face is hostile, European Americans are more likely to identify it as African American.
The unusual research, by Kurt Hugenberg, assistant professor, Miami University, and Galen Bodenhausen, professor of psychology at Northwestern, strongly suggests implicit bias distorts perception of facial cues so important to effective communication and perpetuates stereotypes. A self-fulfilling prophecy may be among the most troubling consequences.
If stereotypes color something as basic as face perception, then the downstream consequences may be considerable, said Bodenhausen. Perceived hostility will at best promote avoidance -- or worse, may foster reciprocation.
Further research is needed to determine how perceptual bias in the first moments of contact might play themselves out over the course of social interaction, but current results suggest that negative dynamics will follow.
While implicit bias has been the focus of a variety of research, Bodenhausen's work is rare in that it uses changing computer -generated facial expressions to tease out how deeply-rooted prejudice distorts perceptions. Most experiments on face perception use still photographs as stimuli, despite the dynamic nature of facial displays in real-life interactions.
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